{"id":6467,"date":"2023-03-16T16:00:10","date_gmt":"2023-03-16T15:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/catalanwines.com\/histoire\/anys-1875-1920\/"},"modified":"2025-01-11T19:57:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T18:57:30","slug":"anys-1875-1920","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/catalanwines.com\/fr\/histoire\/anys-1875-1920\/","title":{"rendered":"1875 – 1920"},"content":{"rendered":"
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La crise du phyllox\u00e9ra a entra\u00een\u00e9 de nombreuses difficult\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques pour les agriculteurs, non seulement pendant les ann\u00e9es sans r\u00e9colte, mais aussi en raison de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019investir dans l\u2019op\u00e9ration d\u2019arrachage des vignes mortes et de leur remplacement par des vignes r\u00e9sistantes, avec des greffons de plants am\u00e9ricains.<\/h2>\n\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/section>\n\n\n\n
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Parall\u00e8lement, le secteur vitivinicole en Espagne a connu une baisse constante du prix du vin au cours du premier tiers du XXe si\u00e8cle, en raison d\u2019un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre entre l\u2019offre et la demande internationale, alors que de grandes productions plus prestigieuses apparaissaient. En Catalogne, on est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 produire plus de vin qu\u2019on ne pouvait en vendre. Cette situation d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 a encourag\u00e9 les paysans catalans \u00e0 s\u2019associer.<\/p>\n

La premi\u00e8re soci\u00e9t\u00e9 agricole de la campagne catalane a vu le jour \u00e0 Valls, en 1888, et d\u2019autres territoires ont rapidement suivi, faisant de la Catalogne le territoire pionnier de ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019organisation sectorielle. \u00c0 Barber\u00e0 de la Conca, en 1894, \u00e0 Blancafort, en 1896, \u00e0 Vilaseca et Salou, en 1898, \u00e0 Selva del Camp, en 1903, \u00e0 Montsant, en 1904 ou \u00e0 El Vendrell, en 1906. Au XXe si\u00e8cle, ils se sont multipli\u00e9s au point qu\u2019il existait des centaines de syndicats agricoles dans toute la Catalogne.<\/p>\n

La Catalogne et le Pays valencien sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme les r\u00e9gions o\u00f9 le coop\u00e9rativisme agricole s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 le plus intens\u00e9ment. Il est important de garder \u00e0 l\u2019esprit que certaines des initiatives organisationnelles de la classe paysanne catalane \u00e9taient teint\u00e9es de la naissance du mouvement ouvrier syndicaliste id\u00e9ologique, qui d\u00e9fendait le r\u00e9publicanisme f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et la lutte des classes dans les campagnes \u00e9galement.<\/p>\n\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Cave du Sindicato Agr\u00edcol de l\u2019Espluga de Francol\u00ed, 1910-1920. Plaques de verre de la station \u0153nologique, CDV VINSEUM.\n<\/figcaption>\n \n
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Une grande partie des associ\u00e9s \u00e9taient des petits et moyens travailleurs de la terre qui cherchaient \u00e0 mettre en commun l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des technologies plus modernes, \u00e0 unir leurs forces dans la commercialisation et la distribution des vins, et \u00e0 offrir un cadre de soutien social et humain aux familles paysannes, en fournissant une communaut\u00e9 et un espace de loisir et de revendication.<\/p>\n\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Section de la cave du Sindicato de Cooperaci\u00f3n Agraria, de Gandesa. C\u00e8sar Martinell, 1919. Archives historiques de la COAC.<\/figcaption>\n \n <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n
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Vue a\u00e9rienne de la Cooperativa de Rocafort de Queralt, actuellement sous la responsabilit\u00e9 de Bodegas Domenys, 2019. \n<\/figcaption>\n \n <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n
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Les \u00ab\u00a0cath\u00e9drales du vin\u00a0\u00bb sont des caves coop\u00e9ratives construites selon les tendances artistiques du modernisme catalan, mais dont l\u2019architecture a \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue pour optimiser la productivit\u00e9 et la qualit\u00e9 du vin. Elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme une premi\u00e8re approche de l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie industrielle dans le secteur agricole. L\u2019expression \u00ab\u00a0cath\u00e9drales de vin\u00a0\u00bb vient du dramaturge catalan \u00c0ngel Guimer\u00e0, qui estimait que la magnificence et l\u2019expression artistique de ces caves m\u00e9ritaient d\u2019\u00eatre compar\u00e9es aux cath\u00e9drales gothiques. Pr\u00e8s d\u2019une centaine d\u2019entre elles sont diss\u00e9min\u00e9es dans toute la Catalogne et la plupart ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues par C\u00e8sar Martinell, disciple d\u2019Antoni Gaud\u00ed, ou par Llu\u00eds Dom\u00e8nech i Muntaner. Parmi celles-ci, on peut citer celles de l\u2019Espluga de Francol\u00ed, en 1913, de Nulles, en 1917, de Rocafort de queralt, en 1918, de Gandesa, en 1919, et de Cornudella de Montsant en 1922.<\/p>\n\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

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\u00ab\u00a0Campesino la Uni\u00f3n de Rabassaires de Catalu\u00f1a est votre organisation syndicale : A ce titre, elle a toujours veill\u00e9 \u00e0 vos int\u00e9r\u00eats de classe\u00a0\u00bb, affiche publi\u00e9e par la Uni\u00f3n de Rabassaires pendant le conflit.\n<\/figcaption>\n \n <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n
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Le coop\u00e9rativisme agraire de gauche, li\u00e9 aux contrats de \u00ab\u00a0rabassa morta\u00a0\u00bb, s\u2019est consolid\u00e9 au cours du premier tiers du XXe si\u00e8cle (Note de traduction : type de contrat tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandu en Catalogne, par lequel un agriculteur se voyait attribuer une portion de terre pour y cultiver de la vigne, en \u00e9change d\u2019une partie de sa r\u00e9colte). La n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une demande beaucoup plus sp\u00e9cifique de la part du secteur a conduit \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019Uni\u00f3n de Rabassaires en 1922, qui a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l\u2019organisation du secteur vitivinicole pendant la Guerre civile espagnole.<\/p>\n\n <\/article>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Catedrals del vi<\/div>\n http:\/\/www.catedralsdelvi.cat\/<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":6250,"menu_order":16,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-fita.blade.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6467","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n1875 - 1920 - Catalan Wines<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/catalanwines.com\/fr\/histoire\/anys-1875-1920\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"1875 - 1920 - Catalan Wines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/catalanwines.com\/fr\/histoire\/anys-1875-1920\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Catalan Wines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-11T18:57:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/catalanwines.com\\\/fr\\\/histoire\\\/anys-1875-1920\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/catalanwines.com\\\/fr\\\/histoire\\\/anys-1875-1920\\\/\",\"name\":\"1875 - 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